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The post-pandemic inflation in the USA was caused by several factors:

  1. Government Spending: The US response to the COVID-19 pandemic included a series of federal initiatives, notably the CARES Act and the American Rescue Plan, which collectively authorized roughly $5 trillion in government spending1These programs contributed to strong consumer and business demand, which tightened labor markets, putting upward pressure on wages and prices1.

  2. Supply Chain Disruptions: Supply chain disruptions had an important inflationary impact, particularly in 2021 and 20221. The auto industry is a case in point. US auto production dropped from 11.7 million vehicles in July 2020, roughly the pre-pandemic rate, to less than 9 million in the fall of 2021, reflecting shortages of computer chips and other inputs1The combination of strong demand and supply chain bottlenecks led to further pressure on prices, particularly on prices of durable goods1.

  3. Rising Commodity Prices: Rising prices of food and energy added importantly to inflation1. Notably, the crude oil market was disrupted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. The price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil rose from less than $70 per barrel in the late summer of 2021 to more than $100 per barrel for most of the period between March and July of 2022, pushing up gasoline prices and the costs of many industrial inputs1.

  4. Tight Labor Markets and Wage Pressures: As the labor market tightened during 2021 and 2022, core inflation rose as the ratio of job vacancies to unemployment increased2This ratio is used to measure wage pressures that then pass through to the prices for goods and services2.

  5. Volatility of Energy Prices: The shocks to food and energy prices contributed substantially to the sharp rise in inflation during the COVID-19 period3Energy price shocks were the primary cause of the high inflation rates from late 2021 to the middle of 20223.

  6. Sectoral Price Spikes: Most of the rise in inflation in 2021 and 2022 was driven by developments that directly raised prices rather than wages, including sharp increases in global commodity prices and sectoral price spikes driven by a combination of pandemic-induced kinks in supply chains and a huge shift in demand during the pandemic to goods from services4.

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